Python 3.10 Match-Case语法详解

2022-11-2118:48:42编程语言入门到精通Comments1,171 views字数 7803阅读模式

Python核心开发者都认为Python不需要添加switch-case这种语法,因为可以通过if/elif/else实现一样的效果。事实上Guido本人也对这种语法不感冒,所以直到Python 3.10一个新的match-case才被加了进来。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

这个新的语法中文叫做结构模式匹配(Structural Pattern Matching),由于新特性内容很多所以有三个PEP介绍它:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

PEP 634 – Structural Pattern Matching: Specification : 介绍match语法和支持的模式 PEP 635 – Structural Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale : 解释语法这么设计的理由 PEP 636 – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial : 一个教程。介绍概念、语法和语义文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

switch-case 和 match-case的区别

拿一个小例子对比下。下面是通过HTTP CODE返回对应类型错误信息函数,在之前的例子中通过if判断要这么写:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

def http_error(status):
    if status == 400:
        return 'Bad request'
    elif status == 401:
        return 'Unauthorized'
    elif status == 403:
        return 'Forbidden'
    elif status == 404:
        return 'Not found'
    else:
        return 'Unknown status code'

如果使用match-case语法:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

def http_error(status):
    match status:
        case 400:
            return 'Bad request'
        case 401:
            return 'Unauthorized'
        case 403:
            return 'Forbidden'
        case 404:
            return 'Not found'
        case _:
            return 'Unknown status code'

match后面跟要匹配的变量,case后面跟不同的条件,之后是符合条件需要执行的语句。最后一个case加下划线表示缺省匹配,如果前面的条件没有匹配上就跑到这个case里面执行,相当于之前的else文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

这其实是一个典型的switch-case用法,如果只是这样,我也觉得确实没必要添加这个新语法,一方面代码没有做到优化,一方面缩进反而更多了。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

但是match-case语法能做的事情远超C/Go这些语言里的switch-case,它其实是Scala, Erlang等语言里面的match-case,它支持复杂的模式匹配,接下来我会通过多个模式的例子详细演示这个新的语法的灵活性和pythonic。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

字面量(Literal)模式

上面的例子就是一个字面量模式,使用Python自带的基本数据结构,如字符串、数字、布尔值和None:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

match number:
    case 0:
        print('zero')
    case 1:
        print('one')
    case 2:
        print('two')

捕捉(Capture)模式

可以匹配单个表达式的赋值目标。为了演示方便,每个例子都会放到函数中,把match后面的待匹配的变量作为参数(capture_pattern.py):文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

def capture(greeting):
    match greeting:
        case "":
            print("Hello!")
        case name:
            print(f"Hi {name}!")
    if name == "Santa":
        print('Match')

如果greeting非空,就会赋值给name,但是要注意,如果greeting为空会抛NameError或者UnboundLocalError错误,因为name在之前没有定义过:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : capture('Alex')
Hi Alex!

In : capture('Santa')
Hi Santa!
Match

In : capture('')
Hello!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UnboundLocalError                         Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [4], in <cell line: 1>()
----> 1 capture('')

Input In [1], in capture(greeting)
      1 def capture(greeting):
      2     match greeting:
      3         case "":
      4             print("Hello!")
      5         case name:
      6             print(f"Hi {name}!")
----> 7     if name == "Santa":
      8         print('Match')

UnboundLocalError: local variable 'name' referenced before assignment

序列(Sequence)模式

可以在match里使用列表或者元组格式的结果,还可以按照PEP 3132 – Extended Iterable Unpacking里面使用first, *rest = seq模式来解包。我用一个例子来介绍:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : def sequence(collection):
...:     match collection:
...:         case 1, [x, *others]:
...:             print(f"Got 1 and a nested sequence: {x=}, {others=}")
...:         case (1, x):
...:             print(f"Got 1 and {x}")
...:         case [x, y, z]:
...:             print(f"{x=}, {y=}, {z=}")
...:

In : sequence([1])

In : sequence([1, 2])
Got 1 and 2

In : sequence([1, 2, 3])
x=1, y=2, z=3

In : sequence([1, [2, 3]])
Got 1 and a nested sequence: x=2, others=[3]

In : sequence([1, [2, 3, 4]])
Got 1 and a nested sequence: x=2, others=[3, 4]

In : sequence([2, 3])

In : sequence((1, 2))
Got 1 and 2

注意,需要符合如下条件:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

  1. 这个match条件第一个元素需要是1,否则匹配失败
  2. 第一个case用的是列表和解包,第二个case用的是元组,其实和列表语义一样,第三个还是列表

如果case后接的模式是单项的可以去掉括号,这么写:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

def sequence2(collection):
    match collection:
        case 1, [x, *others]:
            print(f"Got 1 and a nested sequence: {x=}, {others=}")
        case 1, x:
            print(f"Got 1 and {x}")
        case x, y, z:
            print(f"{x=}, {y=}, {z=}")

但是注意,其中case 1, [x, *others]是不能去掉括号的,去掉了解包的逻辑就变了,要注意。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

通配符(Wildcard)模式

使用单下划线_匹配任何结果,但是不绑定(不赋值到某个或者某些变量上)。一开始的例子:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

def http_error(status):
    match status:
        ... # 省略
        case _:
            return 'Unknown status code'

最后的case _就是通配符模式,当然还可以有多个匹配:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : def wildcard(data):
...:     match data:
...:         case [_, _]:
...:             print('Some pair')
...:

In : wildcard(None)

In : wildcard([1])

In : wildcard([1, 2])
Some pair

在前面说到的序列模式也支持_:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : def sequence2(collection):
...:     match collection:
...:         case ["a", *_, "z"]:
...:             print('matches any sequence of length two or more that starts with "a" and ends with "z".')
...:         case (_, _, *_):
...:             print('matches any sequence of length two or more.')
...:         case [*_]:
...:             print('matches a sequence of any length.')
...:

In : sequence2(['a', 2, 3, 'z'])
matches any sequence of length two or more that starts with "a" and ends with "z".

In : sequence2(['a', 2, 3, 'b'])
matches any sequence of length two or more.

In : sequence2(['a', 'b'])
matches any sequence of length two or more.

In : sequence2(['a'])
matches a sequence of any length.

使用通配符需求注意逻辑顺序,把范围小的放在前面,范围大的放在后面,防止不符合预期。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

恒定值(constant value)模式

这种模式主要匹配常量或者enum模块的枚举值:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : class Color(Enum):
...:     RED = 1
...:     GREEN = 2
...:     BLUE = 3
...:

In : class NewColor:
...:     YELLOW = 4
...:

In : def constant_value(color):
...:     match color:
...:         case Color.RED:
...:             print('Red')
...:         case NewColor.YELLOW:
...:             print('Yellow')
...:         case new_color:
...:             print(new_color)
...:

In : constant_value(Color.RED)  # 匹配第一个case
Red

In : constant_value(NewColor.YELLOW)  # 匹配第二个case
Yellow

In : constant_value(Color.GREEN)  # 匹配第三个case
Color.GREEN

In : constant_value(4)  # 常量值一样都匹配第二个case
Yellow

In : constant_value(10)  # 其他常量
10

这里注意,因为case具有绑定的作用,所以不能直接使用YELLOW这种常量,例如下面这样:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

YELLOW = 4


def constant_value(color):
    match color:
        case YELLOW:
            print('Yellow')

这样语法是错误的。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

映射(Mapping)模式

其实就是case后支持使用字典做匹配:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : def mapping(config):
...:     match config:
...:         case {'sub': sub_config, **rest}:
...:             print(f'Sub: {sub_config}')
...:             print(f'OTHERS: {rest}')
...:         case {'route': route}:
...:             print(f'ROUTE: {route}')
...:

In : mapping({})

In : mapping({'route': '/auth/login'})  # 匹配第一个case
ROUTE: /auth/login

# # 匹配有sub键的字典,值绑定到sub_config上,字典其他部分绑定到rest上
In : mapping({'route': '/auth/login', 'sub': {'a': 1}})  # 匹配第二个case
Sub: {'a': 1}
OTHERS: {'route': '/auth/login'}

类(Class)模式

case后支持任何对象做匹配。我们先来一个错误的示例:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : class Point:
...:     def __init__(self, x, y):
...:         self.x = x
...:         self.y = y
...:

In : def class_pattern(obj):
...:     match obj:
...:         case Point(x, y):
...:             print(f'Point({x=},{y=})')
...:

In : class_pattern(Point(1, 2))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [], in <cell line: 1>()
----> 1 class_pattern(Point(1, 2))

Input In [], in class_pattern(obj)
      1 def class_pattern(obj):
      2     match obj:
----> 3         case Point(x, y):
      4             print(f'Point({x=},{y=})')

TypeError: Point() accepts 0 positional sub-patterns (2 given)

这是因为对于匹配来说,位置需要确定,所以需要使用位置参数来标识:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : def class_pattern(obj):
...:     match obj:
...:         case Point(x=1, y=2):
...:             print(f'match')
...:

In : class_pattern(Point(1, 2))
match

另外一个解决这种自定义类不用位置参数的匹配方案,使用__match_args__返回一个位置参数的数组,就像这样:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : class Point:
...:     __match_args__ = ('x', 'y')
...:
...:     def __init__(self, x, y):
...:         self.x = x
...:         self.y = y
...:

In : from dataclasses import dataclass

In : @dataclass
...: class Point2:
...:     x: int
...:     y: int
...:

In : def class_pattern(obj):
...:     match obj:
...:         case Point(x, y):
...:             print(f'Point({x=},{y=})')
...:         case Point2(x, y):
...:             print(f'Point2({x=},{y=})')
...:

In : class_pattern(Point(1, 2))
Point(x=1,y=2)

In : class_pattern(Point2(1, 2))
Point2(x=1,y=2)

这里的Point2使用了标准库的dataclasses.dataclass装饰器,它会提供__match_args__属性,所以可以直接用。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

组合(OR)模式

可以使用|将多个字面量组合起来表示或的关系,|可以在一个case条件内存在多个,表示多个或关系:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

def or_pattern(obj):
    match obj:
        case 0 | 1 | 2: # 0,1,2三个数字匹配
            print('small number')
        case list() | set():  # 列表或者集合匹配
            print('list or set')
        case str() | bytes():  # 字符串或者bytes符合
            print('str or bytes')
        case Point(x, y) | Point2(x, y):  # 借用之前的2个类,其中之一符合即可
            print(f'{x=},{y=}')
        case [x] | x:  # 列表且只有一个元素或者单个值符合
            print(f'{x=}')

这里注意一下,由于匹配顺序,case [x] | x这句中的[x]是不会被触发的,另外x不能是集合、字符串、byte等类型,因为在前面的条件中会被匹配到不了这里。我们试一下:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : or_pattern(1)
small number

In : or_pattern(2)
small number

In : or_pattern([1])
list or set

In : or_pattern({1, 2})
list or set

In : or_pattern('sss')
str or bytes

In : or_pattern(b'sd')
str or bytes

In : or_pattern(Point(1, 2))
x=1,y=2

In : or_pattern(Point2(1, 2))
x=1,y=2

In : or_pattern(4)
x=4

In : or_pattern({})
x={}

另外在Python里是没有表示AND关系的case语法的。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

AS模式

AS模式在早期其实是海象(Walrus)模式,后来讨论后发现使用as关键字可以让这个语法更有优势:文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : def as_pattern(obj):
...:     match obj:
...:         case str() as s:
...:             print(f'Got str: {s=}')
...:         case [0, int() as i]:
...:             print(f'Got int: {i=}')
...:         case [tuple() as tu]:
...:             print(f'Got tuple: {tu=}')
...:         case list() | set() | dict() as iterable:
...:             print(f'Got iterable: {iterable=}')
...:
...:

In : as_pattern('sss')
Got str: s='sss'

In : as_pattern([0, 1])
Got int: i=1

In : as_pattern([(1,)])
Got tuple: tu=(1,)

In : as_pattern([1, 2, 3])
Got iterable: iterable=[1, 2, 3]

In : as_pattern({'a': 1})
Got iterable: iterable={'a': 1}

需要注明一下,这里面的[0, int() as i]是一种子模式,也就是在模式中包含模式: [0, int() as i]是case匹配的序列模式,而其中int() as i是子模式,是AS模式。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

子模式在match语法里面是可以灵活组合的。文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

向模式添加条件

另外模式还支持加入if判断(叫做guard):文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

In : def go(obj):
...:     match obj:
...:         case ['go', direction] if direction in ['east', 'north']:
...:             print('Right way')
...:         case direction if direction == 'west':
...:             print('Wrong way')
...:         case ['go', _] | _:
...:             print('Other way')
...:

In : go(['go', 'east'])  # 匹配条件1
Right way

In : go('west')  # 匹配条件2
Wrong way

In : go('north')  # 匹配默认条件
Other way

In : go(['go', 'west'])  # 匹配默认条件
Other way

这样可以让匹配作进一步判断,相当于实现了某个程度的AND效果.文章源自菜鸟学院-https://www.cainiaoxueyuan.com/ymba/30125.html

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